Research Paper on:
Amitai Etzioni - Types Of Power

Unformatted Sample Text from the Research Paper:
he described as being organizational systems: * Coercive power systems are those where the organization has the "ability to apply physical, constraining force and pain for non-compliance" (Jarvis, 2003). An  organizations coercive power is gained through the ability to fire the employee, demote the employee, transfer the person to a less attractive job position or function, give the person a  salary raise and so on (Jarvis, 2003). The results of using coercive power include anger, conflict, conspiracies, reduced motivation, low morale, job dissatisfaction (Jarvis, 2003). * Calculative Power Systems (Instrumental)  are those that offer both material and non-material rewards to get employees to comply with rules or to gain something else from workers, such as loyalty, higher performance, reliability, stability,  staying at the organization (Jarvis, 2003). the outcome of using this type of power may indeed be what the organization wants but it could also result in employees getting a  mindset, such as whats in it for me if I do this? Will I get a raise/promotion/etc.?" (Jarvis, 2003). In other words, the employee is calculating. * Normative Power  Systems (Moral Involvement) are those where the control is based on shared values, values that both management and employees subscribe to. The organization promotes the values in many different ways  and commitment to the organizations ideology is brought about through persuasive and suggestive power. Employees internalize the organizations values, making the values their own (Jarvis, 2003). Most large corporations  use a mixture of these three types of power. Whether or not there are any threats, for example, employees know their supervisor has the power to fire them, promote them,  get them a raise, etc. No matter how well an incentive system is designed, there will always be employees who think about what they will get from doing something (calculation).