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    Bernard & Krieger/Knowledge & Power

    Number of Pages: 5

     

    Summary of the research paper:

    A 5 page research paper/essay that discusses Claude Bernard, nineteenth century scientist and medical pioneer, and Martin Krieger, contemporary mathematician. These men address very different subject areas in their writing; however, these two men of science share a common feature in that they both express a philosophical orientation towards how to understand the nature of knowledge, and by implication, the nature of power. While these two viewpoints are divided by time, and somewhat by subject matter, these two insightful scientists/philosopher are fundamentally in agreement in that they both present knowledge, whether it is scientific or mathematically in nature, as being only a construct of reality, rather than a representation of reality that can be thoroughly trusted. Examination of representative examples of Bernard and Krieger's work illustrates this point. Bibliography lists 2 sources.

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    of science share a common feature in that they both express a philosophical orientation towards how to understand the nature of knowledge, and by implication, the nature of power. While  these two viewpoints are divided by time, and somewhat by subject matter, these two insightful scientists/philosopher are fundamentally in agreement in that they both present knowledge, whether it is scientific  or mathematically in nature, as being only a construct of reality, rather than a representation of reality that can be thoroughly trusted. Examination of representative examples of Bernard and Kriegers  work illustrates this point. In the nineteenth century, Bernard presented a conceptualization of knowledge as something that can be ascertained through the implementation of the scientific method. In his  text An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, which was originally published in 1865, Bernard described what he considered to be the crucial factors for verifying the validity of  a scientific theory. This text shows how Bernard firmly grounded the foundation of knowledge in scientific investigation into cause and effect. For instance, Bernard maintained that when a scientist feels  that a cause of natural phenomena, such as disease, has been determined, the cause and effect relationship is still not certain until the researchers determines that when a conditions is  removed, "the phenomena will no longer appear" (Bernard 55). As this illustrates, Bernards goal in his research was integrate the scientific method into medical research. He took nothing for grated,  no matter how fundamental it was considered at the time, relied on experimentation to establish knowledge and, in so doing, rejected many of the eras misconceptions about physiology. In  previous eras, the reliability of knowledge was often associated with the reputation of the authority that supported the information. For example, as Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, has been 

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