Research Paper on:
Literature Review of Probation and Policing Fields Discriminating Against Women

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enforcement since 1913; however, the capacity in which they have served these past ninety years has long been a bone of contention with regard to issues of gender inequity.  House (1993) notes how it was not until the 1970s that women were upgraded to more expansive roles within the department, representing a significant departure from the standard social and  administrative work to which they were relegated. With the 1972 graduation of the nations first female FBI agents came an altogether different perspective of women on the police force;  however, House (1993) points out that even though this precedence-setting event helped to increase the number of policewomen from just over three thousand to approximately twenty-eight hundred between 1971 and  1990, it has done little to improve promotions or decrease discrimination worldwide. II. MAN-MADE LIMITATIONS Everything that occurs within the law enforcement workplace has a significant influence upon and  importance to the struggle toward economic security. Issues such as the glass ceiling, gender discrimination and lack of minority advancement all dictate the manner in which female employees either  prosper or languish within the ongoing economic battle. The strides that women/minorities have made in law enforcement are significant; indeed, there is a considerable difference between the garment worker  of the nineteenth century and the beat cop of the twenty-first century. However, Maley (1997) insists there still remain significant limitations as to the lengths female employees are allowed  to go within the legal ranks, in that the glass ceiling is always looming overhead. In response to the glass ceiling hindrance that  is so prevalent in todays law enforcement workplace, some prefer to think of it as being made of plastic "because plastic is even harder to break than glass" (Maley, 1997,