Research Paper on:
Sick genes, sick individuals or sick populations with chronic disease? (Journal Article Critique)

Unformatted Sample Text from the Research Paper:
authors write about evidence that exists both for and against genetic causes for Type 2 Diabetes. Authors look at hypertension and glucose intolerance in four distinct African original populations (Cruickshanka,  Mbanyab, Wilksc, Balkaud, McFarlane-Anderson & Forresterc, 2001). Roses concept is embraced-the idea that populations do prompt the emergence of sick individuals-and while twin studies are utilized, it is noted that  they give only scant support to the genetic hypothesis (Cruickshanka, Mbanyab, Wilksc, Balkaud, McFarlane-Anderson & Forresterc, 2001). There are also intergenerational mechanisms that are non-genetic and this includes amniotic fluid  growth factors in addition to maternal exposures (Cruickshanka, Mbanyab, Wilksc, Balkaud, McFarlane-Anderson & Forresterc, 2001). Age-adjusted rates of diabetes, as well as hypertension rates, were calculated by population and BMI  was also taken into account (Cruickshanka, Mbanyab, Wilksc, Balkaud, McFarlane-Anderson & Forresterc, 2001). Authors conclude that energy imbalances, coupled with socioeconomic influences, are more likely to cause diabetes, and most  chronic conditions for that matter, than ethnic or genetic causes (Cruickshanka, Mbanyab, Wilksc, Balkaud, McFarlane-Anderson & Forresterc, 2001). Thus, genetic screenings are likely to be unreliable, imprecise, inefficient and expensive  (Cruickshanka, Mbanyab, Wilksc, Balkaud, McFarlane-Anderson & Forresterc, 2001). Methodology Authors used four representative African populations and compared two genetically closer sites; they used a rural site as  well as urban Cameroon and then they used Jamaica, and finally, Caribbean migrants who live in Britain (Cruickshanka, Mbanyab, Wilksc, Balkaud, McFarlane-Anderson & Forresterc, 2001). The design of the study  was a comparison between two genetically close samples which were the first two noted above, and then the other two (Cruickshanka, Mbanyab, Wilksc, Balkaud, McFarlane-Anderson & Forresterc, 2001). Blood pressure  was taken and whether the participants had diabetes or had been diagnosed with hypertension was information recorded (Cruickshanka, Mbanyab, Wilksc, Balkaud, McFarlane-Anderson & Forresterc, 2001).