In fifteen pages body language or kinesics is considered in an examination of various studies relating to communication both verbal and nonverbal. Seventeen sources are cited in the bibliography.
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however, researchers have used the study of kinesics in regards to its importance in communication in business, education, gender relations, health care and other disciplines which rely upon clear and
precise understanding in a communication environment. Kinesics is also used on other non-traditional socio-cultural disciplines such as art and multi-media in the presentation of materials. Generally however, studies in kinesics
are "grouped" within the larger area of non-verbal communication including proxemics (spatial relations), haptics (touching behavior), oculesics (eye contact styles), vocalics (vocal cures), chronemics (use of time), and objectics (use
of clothes, color and objects) among others and very few studies now relate primarily to kinesics separately which in some aspects is understandable since the complete process of communication involves
a balance between the understanding of all of these elements in addition to the verbal and content factors within communication. II. Literature Review i) General Information on Kinesics David Givens
of the Center for Nonverbal Studies in Spokane, Washington describes the background of kinesics as originating by anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell in his studies of nonverbal communication using traditional concepts from
American linguistics from studies in the late 1940s. Kinesics from an anthropological viewpoint is another term for body language (Givens, 2000). Similar to how linguists studied the grammatical structure of
words, students of kinesics "search for a grammar of body movements" as, in the words of Birdwhistell, "all meaningful [body] motion patterns are to be regarded as socially learned until
empirical investigation reveals otherwise" and therefore should be considered in all cultural studies (Givens, 2000). Givens (2000) in a sense compiles a small literature of research reports by Birdwhistell (1952),
Bateson (1968), Fast (1970) and Knapp (1972) in addition to more recent studies including those by Richmond (1991) and Ekman (1998). From the selections Givens has considered he is clear