Research Paper on:
Three Decades of Title IX

Unformatted Sample Text from the Research Paper:
financial assistance. - (From the preamble to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972). On June 23, 1972, President Nixon signed the Education Amendments of 1972, which included  Title IX, barring gender discrimination by educational institutions receiving any federal funds (Riley, 1997). One of the most impacting components of that law addressed secondary and postsecondary athletic programs. Schools  had to meet proportionate ratios in their athletic programs, both in terms of resources and in terms of numbers of team members. There had to be equity between girls and  womens sports programs and boys and mens sports programs. There was a little wrinkle in compliance with Title IX. In 1984, the Supreme Court ruled that the law did not  cover all aspects of schools, it covered only those programs for which federal funds was received and used (Block, 2002). Since athletics and sports did not receive federal funds, these  programs did not have to comply, so, from 1984 through 1988, Title IX did not apply to intercollegiate sports and athletics (Block, 2002). In 1988, Congress passed the Civil Rights  Restoration Act, they did so overriding President Reagans veto, and once again colleges and universities had to comply with the provision s of Title IX in their sports and  athletics programs (Block, 2002). After 30 years, it would be reasonable to assume that all educational institutions had eliminated gender-oriented discriminatory practices in athletic programs. This is, sadly, not the  case. Dramatic gains have been made but there is still a very long way to go before girls and women have true equity in sports and athletic programs in high  schools and colleges. Title IX is composed of three components: I. Accommodation of Interests and Abilities - most of the lawsuits allege violation of this component (Lichtman, 1998, 64).