Research Paper on:
Tutorial on Expectancy Theory

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expectancy and instrumentality are explained. Vroom noted two prerequisites for effort to occur and these are explained. Other researchers have offered formulas to demonstrate how the basic components in expectancy  theory relate to each other in order to result in motivation force. Three formulas are included in the essay. The integration of expectancy theory with reinforcement theory is discussed as  are the different theories that use expectancy theory as a basis or that incorporate the tenets. The essay concludes with an example of how expectancy theory was used in one  small company. Expectancy Theory [Tutorial: We will begin with statements that lead into the discussion of expectancy theory. They student may choose to lengthen this section with a  more comprehensive discussion but the student should not shorten it. For example, the list of 7 major categories of theories of motivation could be formatted as a bullet list with  an explanation of each.] Motivating employees is a challenging task because of the varying needs and desires that drive human behavior. There are numerous theories about motivation, all of which  have value and can be employed successfully. There is no single theory that will be appropriate or effective with all employees for the very simple reason that everyone is different.  This essay looks at one theory, expectancy theory. Researchers and theorists have identified seven theories of motivation: 1.) motives and needs; 2.) equity theory; 3.) cognitive evaluation theory; 4.) goal-setting;  5.) expectancy theory; 6.) work design; and 7.) reinforcement theory (Ambrose and Kulik, 1999). There are also other theories emerging as a result of the change in the workplace; these  relate to creativity, groups and culture (Ambrose and Kulik, 1999). [Tutorial: As we begin the discussion of expectancy theory, we offer an explanation of how it is classified and then