Research Paper on:
Runway Errors or Incursions

Unformatted Sample Text from the Research Paper:
taking off, intending to takeoff, landing or intending to land." Jim Hall (2000), chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board, says that "Runway incursions are the number one  aviation safety problem in the United States." And not that it will make you feel any better if you are planning a plane trip in the near future, FAA  Administrator Jane Garvey said, "We know that taxiing on the airport surface is the most hazardous phase of flight." Scope of the problem Runway incursions, although rare events, are  primarily caused by errors in one of the following areas: clearances, communications, ground navigation, and positional awareness. When we consider this list we might reach the conclusion, that  it covers all the potential areas of movement at airport, and not find that any solutions are too reassuring for tackling such a large problem. Clearances and Communications: Air  traffic controllers are those positions, which provide the hub, or anchoring point for communication with pilots and their aircraft. So we might say that the circle of controller, communication and  pilot is an area that needs to be studied. But the over-riding factor when it comes to this communications circle is an interesting mathematical ratio which has greater implications  that we have been able to solve. The primary issue is not that there is a communications lag or unawareness, which of course does happen, but rather the issue that  seems to influence the rate of runway incursion is the volume of traffic. And although this seems to the statement of the obvious it has been discovered that there  is an unequal increase of incursion in relation to volume. For example, according to Lounsbury (1999), " A 20 percent increase in traffic volume, for instance, generates more than